The Police, Synchronicity

Album of the Week, February 22, 2025

All good things come to an end, especially when the things that make them great are also tearing them apart. The creative tension between Sting’s pop instincts, Stewart Copeland’s intense rhythmic drive and post-punk brilliance, and Andy Summers’ guitar skills had combined in a heady brew over four LPs, many b-sides, and a soundtrack. Now they were in the studio one last time, and at each others’ throats.

Maybe not constantly at each others’ throats. You have to be in the same room to have a physical fight, and for most of the recording of Synchronicity the band was not. Back at AIR Studios in Montserrat where they had recorded Ghost in the Machine, the band was spread across the residential studio: Stewart Copeland and his drums were in the dining room, Sting was in the control room with his bass, and Andy was in the actual studio. Hugh Padgham, back behind the console, did this both to get the best sound out of each instrument and “for social reasons.”

Tensions were high because the band was pulling in two different directions. Sting had come in with songs in a very pop direction that left most of the reggae influences behind; Stewart and Andy still wanted to have a go at creating the songs as a collective. Sting and Stewart did actually come to blows over “Every Breath You Take” as these approaches collided. Ultimately, while the sound of the album is remarkably consistent, it reflected this tension, with more experimentation and group energy on Side 1—including a song each by Copeland and Summers—and an almost unbelievable lineup of pop songs on Side 2.

Synchronicity I” starts side 1 off strong. A synthesizer part written by Sting, sounding enough like a marimba to throw off listeners and reviewers, plays for six bars in 3/4 time, with Stewart’s cymbals coming in on the last two bars. Then the drums and the bass come in with an all-out assault, with Andy’s guitar providing washes of texture behind it all. Here the benefits of Padgham’s approach can be heard, as each musician takes their intensity to the utmost in a way that would almost have been painful if they were all playing in the same room. Sting’s vocals are dual tracked in harmony on the verses and overlap each other on the chorus, with vocals in the right and left ear of the stereo mix that seem to tumble over each other in their speed to express their ideas: “A connecting principle / Linked to the invisible / Almost imperceptible / Something inexpressible/Science insusceptible / Logic so inflexible / Causally connectable / Nothing is invincible.” Sting was reading philosophy again. Returning to the works of Arthur Koestler, whose The Ghost in the Machine had lent the prior album its title, he found The Roots of Coincidence, a 1972 work that argued that some parapsychological phenomena should be investigated more closely through the lens of modern physics and built on Carl Jung’s work on the concept of synchronicity. Sting built on this concept of apparently unconnected events appearing to have a deeper connection throughout the first side of the album.

Walking in Your Footsteps” settles down the tempo considerably, and dials back the intensity of the arrangement. There’s a loping bass and percussion underlay (again, likely synths), with a flute overtop and washes of guitar that sound like great bellows from some ancient animal. It turns out that is exactly what is on Sting’s mind, as he contemplates the rule of the dinosaur and their fall from power, and wonders “don’t you have a lesson for us.” One of his more direct expressions of anti-war sentiment, he wonders “if we explode the atom bomb/would they say that we were dumb?” Stewart keeps time during the verse by hitting the drumsticks together, and emphasizing the turn into the third verse with hits on the tom. This was one of the songs that the band continued to assemble until late in the game, to the point that the album’s lyrics sheet included a quatrain at the end that was recorded but omitted from the final mix: “Fifty million years ago/they walked upon the planet so/They live in a museum/It’s the only place you’ll see ’em.” (You can hear some of the alternate takes on the 2024 deluxe reissue of the album.)

I’ve read reviews of the album that talk about “Synchronicity I” as a jazzy song, perhaps because of the 3/4 meter, but “O My God” feels more tethered in the jazz idiom to me. That’s only appropriate, since it is the very last of the songs from Sting’s jazz fusion band Last Exit to be re-recorded by the Police. The version by the Police couldn’t be further from the Last Exit version, though; instead of Hammond B3 organ and jazzy chord changes, we get a tight chromatic bass line and a rewritten, considerably more concise lyric sheet. The line “How can I turn the other cheek / It’s black and bruised and torn” has been on my mind a lot lately; in the original version it’s a subliminal lament in the last verse, but here’s it’s almost howled in the second as the lead-in to the chorus “Take the space between us/and fill it up, fill it up, fill it up.” The other thing providing the jazz impetus is the saxophone. Sting’s playing has gotten considerably better since Ghost, and the sax lines here are tight, concise in some places and Coltrane-esque in others … and thankfully much better in tune. The guitar provides washes of sound and syncopated rhythm behind the bass and, especially, Stewart’s drums. (The snare pattern that introduces the second verse is one of the all time great moments from a great drummer.) The other thing to love about this song, despite what I saw as a very naïve 10-year-old as borderline blasphemy in the lyrics, is the humor in it all. You have “O my God you take the biscuit,” AND you have the recapitulation of “Do I have to tell the story of a thousand rainy days since we first met?” from “Every Little Thing She Does is Magic”—only here addressed to God. And then, of course, a free jazz freak out courtesy of layers of Sting’s saxophone, ending in an ascending scale up to the fifth, from which we drop a fourth into the key signature of the next song.

There’s definitely humor under the middle eastern guitar riff and screamed lyrics of “Mother,” but it might take a while to find it. Another Andy Summers song that Sting would not sing, Andy has said in interviews that it was in fact about his mother. It’s also easily read as being about the tense relationship between Summers and Sting; the vocal, with its note of deranged exasperation, could as easily be about an overbearing bandmate. The vocal filter used by Padgham here lends an edge to Andy’s “mother”s, especially the one in the lowest end of his range and the almost comical one that precedes the final verse. By contrast, Stewart’s “Miss Gradenko” is far less experimental and more likable. With a brilliant fingered guitar part throughout the verse and a locked-in bass and drum section, the story of the Soviet bureaucrat who seems “much too alive” in her uniform comes to life in the dual vocals from Sting and Stewart. It seems like it’s over too quickly.

Then there is a howl from the guitar, signaling “Synchronicity II.” Originally intended to proceed directly from “Synchronicity I” via a murky synthesizer interlude later named “Loch,” this bookend to the first side gives us the story of the narrator of “On Any Other Day” turned up to 11. Facing humiliation, frustration, and the end of love both at home and work, as the narrator drives home to “the pain upstairs that makes his eyeballs ache” we get the visual of something rising to the surface of a dark Scottish lake, as if synchronously called into life by his submerged rage. It’s all accompanied by the most straight ahead rock music the Police ever recorded. The music shifts from F♯ minor in the chorus (with Sting howling a wordless minor 3 – supertonic – subtonic) into F♯ major in the verse and back into minor, ending on an endless repetition around the fifth, leaving the synchronous rage and pain unresolved. It’s full of dark comedic touches in the verse (“We have to shout above the din of our rice krispies”) and near-apocalyptic fury in the instruments. It’s all very operatic. A wide eyed younger me had no idea what to make of it; I only knew the lyrics made me as uncomfortable as the music made me excited.

Side two opens with “Every Breath You Take,” the Police’s best-loved, most successful song (in 2010 it was estimated to generate between 25% and 30% of Sting’s publishing income), and the most unsettling song ever sung from the perspective of a stalker. The song itself was hard to nail down, as we’ve seen. After struggling to recreate it in the studio, the band agreed to work from the basic demo, but it needed a guitar part instead of the original organ that Sting had used. Sting told Andy “Go and make it your own.” Andy recalls, “I was kind of experimenting with playing Bartok violin duets and had worked up a new riff. When Sting said ‘go and make it your own’, I went and stuck that lick on it, and immediately we knew we had something special.” The guitar riff he came up with is simple – tonic to supertonic to mediant, but stepping down to the dominant between each note – and then repeating the pattern in two other modes before returning to the major scale. If “Synchronicity II” reflected anger over the dissolution of his marriage—a common reading of the album as a whole—“Every Breath You Take” seems to be stuck in the bargaining phase of grief as he sings “Oh can’t you see/you belong to me?” Sting himself told NME that it was “a nasty little song, really rather evil.” That it transcends all the circumstances of its origins and the sardonic irony of its lyrics has everything to do with the bridge (“Since you’ve gone I been lost without a trace”) and those descending single piano notes that underscore it, in which we hear the deep anguish at the heart of it all. The song went to Number One, giving the band their only chart-topping hit, and it stayed there for eight weeks.

That anguish leaps off the edge of the cliff of grief and into full blown despair on “King of Pain,” which continues Sting’s exploration of symbolism and unexplained synchronous events in a song that found metaphors for a darkened soul in everything from sunspots to a “flagpole rag.” The arrangement here begins in minimalism, bass and piano rocking back and forth on two notes with a marimba (or synth) in counterpoint; Stewart and Andy join on the second verse, still restrained until the chorus when the guitar finally rings its chords. It’s a literate exploration of an adolescent kind of pain, and ten to eleven year old me ate it up. (I especially thought the bit at the end, when the narrator repeats “There’s a little black spot on the sun today/It’s the same old thing as yesterday”) from the beginning over a descending glissando in the guitar, implying a perpetual, personal Sisyphean hell, was deep. I was a depressed kid.) Lots of people liked perpetual Sisyphean hells, but not as many as liked stalkers; this one went to Number One on the Mainstream Rock chart but topped out at Number Three on the Hot 100.

The last song of this side to be released as a single, “Wrapped Around Your Finger” was also a top 10 hit, peaking at Number Eight. It was also the sound of the life being slowly strangled out of the interplay among the trio. Copeland’s drum flourishes are all but gone; his rhythmic genius is still present as he chooses different beats to accent with a hit to the tom or the cymbal, but none of the splashy flourishes from the old songs are present. And Andy Summers’ guitar plays precisely on the hook in the opening verse—over the synthesizer—and echoes at the end of each phrase, but otherwise is kept on a tight leash until the final verse. Even then the rising energy is conveyed by playing a single note over and over again. It’s perhaps musically appropriate for a song that is all about control; the lyrics revisit the themes first explored in “Secret Journey” of someone seeking wisdom and knowledge, but this journey does not end in enlightenment, only in bondage. The narrator flips the Faustian story at the end, having “listened hard” to the tuition of the unnamed master until he gains the power to reverse the relationship and take control. But the central metaphor Sting uses throughout, of being wrapped around the finger of the other, can also be read as a ring; in the context of the failing relationship of “Every Breath” and “King of Pain,” it’s hard not to view “Wrapped Around Your Finger” as an exploration of emotional bondage in the aftermath of a failed relationship.

If “Wrapped Around Your Finger” is the end of the life of the trio, “Tea in the Sahara” is its afterlife—wandering endlessly in the desert, an eerily arid soundscape constructed of the drums and bass with only the echoes of a guitar washing across the sky with a distant saxophone (almost sounding like a shofar). Sting was, at this point in his writing career, superb at plucking out bits from his reading and turning them into the raw materials for his grand theme. In this case, the grist for the mill was Paul Bowles’ novel The Sheltering Sky, which yielded the entire plot of the song. The story of the three sisters who danced for joy when the stranger promised to return to their company to take tea, reduced to burning in the desert “with their cups still full of sand” when the stranger never returns, feels like the ultimate metaphor for the demise of love and of this band.

Synchronicity is a record that started as many things as it ended. For one, it marked the end of the Police’s studio album output—though not all its studio output! There was an abortive attempt to record a sixth album in 1986 that went poorly; Stewart Copeland broke his collarbone the night before the sessions in a horse accident, and the hoped-for magic didn’t materialize in the sessions. Ever artisans, the band accepted that they weren’t going to build a table in the sessions, but came away with two lovely chairs—the 1986 remade versions of “Don’t Stand So Close to Me” and “De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da.”

For me, this is the album that started listening me to the Police, when our babysitter brought it over one day. I was ten and my sister was seven or eight, and while we weren’t ready for the first side (up until that point, music in our family was either classical radio—thank you, WGH and WHRO—or the easy listening station in the car), I connected hard with the second side. It started me opening my musical ears, without which I wouldn’t be writing this series.

This album also, by closing the door on the Police, started Sting down a solo path, going in a very different direction. After years of punk, prog, and new wave, he decided to return to his jazz roots. But where, exactly, was jazz in the mid-1980s? There were very definitely two competing visions for where jazz music was headed, and that’s what we’re going to step aside and listen to next week and the following.

You can listen to this week’s album here:

BONUS: The first of this week’s bonuses really is a bonus track; it was left off the vinyl pressing for reasons of running time, but included on the cassette and CD versions. It’s probably the most darkly funny lyric Sting ever wrote, and you can definitely hear his jazz roots in the waltz-time arrangement. Here’s “Murder by Numbers”:

BONUS BONUS: Sting did a few recordings with jazz legend Gil Evans (yes, that Gil Evans) and his orchestra in the late 1980s, and this absolutely killer arrangement of “Murder by Numbers” was one of the outcomes:

BONUS BONUS BONUS: I always thought it was an urban legend, but the recent massive Synchronicity Deluxe Edition included this track, an anti-war version of “Every Breath You Take” with new lyrics and vocal recorded by Sting in 1985 and included on a “Spitting Image” collection. Here’s “Every Bomb You Make.”

BONUS BONUS BONUS BONUS: The reason Sting’s publishing revenues are so overwhelmingly dominated by “Every Breath You Take” may well be due to the song’s afterlife. In 1997 a young Sean “Puff Daddy” Combs wrote a farewell ode to slain rapper “Biggie” Smalls around Andy Summer’s guitar lick and the verse melody of the song, titling it “I’ll Be Missing You.” It was a number one song for 11 weeks. (Stereogum’s The Number Ones column does a great job of writing about Combs’s song; I like columnist Tom Brennan’s take on “Every Breath You Take” too.) Sting sang it with Puff Daddy (now calling himself “Diddy” and awaiting trial on allegations of sexual assault) at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards in a performance that opened with a rendition of Samuel Barber’s Agnus Dei (his choral setting of “Adagio for Strings”); here’s that moment.

The Police, Ghost in the Machine

Album of the Week, January 25, 2025

He had been writing the song for five years; it predated the Police. “Every Little Thing She Does is Magic” had been written while Sting, Andy Summers and Stewart Copeland were all members of Strontium 90 with Mike Howlett from the psychedelic rock band Gong. Sting recorded it as a four track demo in a loft in Howlett’s home, playing acoustic guitar and bass. He took it to the band early in their career, who objected that the song was “soft”; he said, “no, look, this is a hit.” He was right, of course.

Sting’s “Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic” became the second of the “strong three” opening songs on their 1981 album Ghost in the Machine, following the same programmatic approach as they had previously employed on Zenyatta Mondatta. (Tip, kids: starting an album with three strong songs is the way.) The lead-off, “Spirits in the Material World,” sets up the album and “Every Little Thing” is followed by lead single “Invisible Sun.” Both the other two songs continue the theme of dissatisfaction with the realities of the world, this time writing about dictatorial leaders and continual war.

For such strong lyrical content, the album was recorded in an idyllic place. AIR Studios was in Montserrat in the British Caribbean, a residential studio where the band could live as well as record. They were joined by producer Hugh Padgham instead of their prior producer Nigel Gray; Padgham was notable for helping to invent the “gated reverb” drum sound that became a staple of 1980s rock while recording Peter Gabriel’s third solo album with Phil Collins (later perfected on Collins’ first solo album); he had been producing albums for Collins and Genesis (Abacab), helping them get more of a “pop” sound. As the Police began shifting away from their raw trio sound of the earlier records, Padgham’s experience was helpful, even if not completely welcomed by Copeland and Summers. Copeland recalls, “I was getting disappointed in the musical direction… With the horns and synths coming in, the fantastic raw-trio feel—all the really creative and dynamic stuff—was being lost. We were ending up backing a singer doing his pop songs.”

Picture sleeve for Ghost in the Machine, slightly more literal than the album cover.

The first sound you hear on the album (after a brisk drum hit from Copeland), in the opening to “Spirits in the Material World,” underscores Stewart’s point. The Police had kept to guitar, bass and drums during their first three albums, but here the hook is played prominently on a Casio keyboard. Sting claims to have accidentally written the hook while messing about with a Casiotone “while I was riding around in the back of a truck somewhere.” Sting liked the synthesizer sound so much that he wanted to record the song without guitar; after much arguing with Summers, they compromised and the lead is played by both guitar and synthesizer, albeit with the guitar buried in the mix. Copeland’s drumming is jaw-dropping here, especially considering the tricky rhythm, shifting from a syncopated four in the verse with no clear downbeat to a clearer backbeat in the chorus.

I should also say a word here about the lyrics. I neglected last week to note the most remarkable thing about “Don’t Stand So Close to Me,” the offhand reference to Vladimir Nabokov in the last verse. If the slant rhyme of “shake and cough” with “Nabokov” and the casual introduction of a parallel to Lolita stands as the principal reminder in Sting’s songwriting that he was an English teacher,1 the reference in this song to the philosophy of Arthur Koestler’s 1967 book The Ghost in the Machine must stand as a close second.

Every Little Thing She Does is Magic” also has non-traditional instrumentation. While the other keyboard parts on the album are played by the Police (according to various sources, even Stewart Copeland was programming and playing synth parts), the piano on this track was played by session musician Jean Roussel. Originally recruited by Sting to play on the second demo for the song, recorded in Le Studio in Morin Heights, Quebec, Roussel’s piano part from the demo survives on the final track; the band was unable to better his part in AIR Studios, and they simply played over the demo. To be clear: it’s a great song, singable but musically deep, featuring a tension between D minor and D major and a memorable lydian scale in the bass line. It also features one of Sting’s great lyrics: “Do I have to tell the story / of a thousand rainy days since we first met? / It’s a big enough umbrella / But it’s always me that ends up getting wet.” (It should be noted that Ghost was recorded while Sting was separating from his first wife, Frances Tomelty, following the birth of their second child.)

If “Every Little Thing” is poppy and personal, “Invisible Sun” returns to the world of Zenyatta Mondatta for its inspiration. Sting had become a tax exile living in Galway in 1982, and strongly felt the psychological impact of the ongoing troubles in Belfast. He wrote the song about the persistence of the everyday people who lived through the hunger strikes and bombings, feeling that there had to be a light at the end of the tunnel to give them hope. For Stewart Copeland, the “invisible sun” also shone on Beirut, where he had grown up thanks to his father’s travels in the CIA; he accordingly also felt the song in a deeply personal way. Sting refers in the opening lines to “looking down the barrel of an ArmaLite,” the rifle used by paramilitary organizations including the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The song’s subject matter, reinforced by its video showing clips from the Irish conflict, led to its being banned by the BBC, a first for the Police. It would not be the last time Sting wrote about war and its horrors, but it was the first time such a song took the Police to almost the top of the UK charts (it stalled at Number Two the week of September 27, behind “Prince Charming” by Adam and the Ants. Welcome to 1981).

After the powerful one-two-three punch of the opening comes a different kind of run, unusual for a Police album. Where previously there would have been a left turn into something goofy, maybe with a Stewart Copeland song, on Ghost there’s another three-song run by Sting that takes us through the end of the A side and into the B, and introduces another new instrument. I don’t know at what point Sting picked up the tenor saxophone and decided that he needed to play it on Police records, but here he was on “Hungry for You (J’aurais toujours faim de toi),” playing a persistent (and slightly flat) hook — and singing in French. Almost the entire song is in French, except for the final chorus. And it’s horny. Apparently Tomelty’s best friend, Trudie Styler, helped with the translation into French as well as the circumstances of the composition; it was during this time that Sting started a torrid affair with her (spoiler: they got married in 1992 and are still married today). The song itself is slightly overwhelming in its instrumentation; the band appears to have thrown everything at the composition.

Demolition Man” is similarly rich, but it started life during the Zenyatta Mondatta sessions. Written in the summer of 1980 while Sting was living at Peter O’Toole’s house in Connemara, Ireland, the song wasn’t used for Zenyatta, and Sting ended up offering it to Grace Jones, who recorded it for her 1981 album Nightclubbing. When the Police heard their version, they were inspired to re-record it, or as Andy Summers puts it, “Sh*t, we can do it much better than that.” Summers, indeed, is the hero of the song. If he spent most of his time playing in a relatively restrained way on Ghost, here he is unleashed, and the guitar solo he performs is absolutely magnificent. In fact, it’s better than the lyrics, though there’s a fair amount of obscure Britishisms buried in the song (a “three line whip” refers to British parliamentary politics).

Too Much Information,” the third horn-driven workout in a row, is a groove, and with the shouted “Oh!”s I wonder if the band had been listening to Fela Kuti—or at least the Talking Heads. The lyric, meanwhile, is one that deeply resonated with me in high school: “Too much information/runnin’ through my brain/Too much information/drivin’ me insane.” Stewart’s drums are tight, with only the occasional splash on the high hat or fill at the corners hinting at his prowess. Summers gets to unleash his guitar in the last 30 seconds and it brings the song alive just as it fades out.

Rehumanize Yourself” continues the horn-driven instrumentation but moves away from funk grooves and back to something closer to New Wave (of course, it’s a Stewart Copeland co-write). The lyrics continue the theme of humanistic opposition to industrialization and racism, and include the only moment in the Police’s work that has made me turn down the volume to avoid playing a four-letter word in front of my kids (“Billy’s joined the National Front / He always was a little runt / He’s got his hand in the air with the other c***s / You got to humanize yourself”). Sting comments on and condemns the undercurrent of violence that causes the police to embrace firearms and leads street gangs to kick immigrants to death and join far right fascist movements. Need I mention the song’s continued relevance?

The follow-up, the reggae-inflected “One World (Not Three),” attempts to offer a recommendation for how, exactly, one is supposed to re-humanize one’s self. Sting takes the perspective that borders are arbitrary human constructs (“lines are drawn upon the world / before we get our flags unfurled”) that distract us from the truth that “we can all sink or we all float / Cause we’re all in the same big boat.” Were it not for the overdubbed saxophone chorus, this song could have fit comfortably on Reggatta de Blanc, as Stewart is let loose to provide any and all drum wizardry that he can.

The mood shifts on “Omegaman,” the sole Andy Summers track. Unlike “Behind My Camel,” all three Police participate on this track, but the expertly layered guitar is the main attraction behind the dystopian lyrics, as we follow a narrator contemplating suicide through deserted streets beneath “skies alive (like) turned-on television sets” (William Gibson, call your office). Apparently this high-energy track was originally supposed to be the lead single from the album, at least in the mind of A&M Records executives, before Sting put his foot down and insisted that it not be issued. (Small wonder that stories continue to be told of the bad blood between Sting and Summers.)

Secret Journey” opens with the last new instrumental sound the band pioneered on the album, the Roland GR-300 guitar synthesizer. The story, about a man seeking joy in sadness and the “love you miss” from a blind holy man, revisits the plight of lost love that appeared in their earliest songs. But where the narrator of “Does Everyone Stare” or “Can’t Stand Losing You” wallowed in self-pity, this narrator’s fate is ambiguous. Did he find the love he missed, or did he make his secret journey, become a holy man, and ultimately abandon his original goal? Sting’s purported inspiration for the song, Meetings with Remarkable Men by the mystic George Gurdijieff, would suggest the latter. But this path to re-humanization feels quantifiably different from that suggested in the earlier songs, seeming to lean toward a path of abstinence and avoidance of other people. We’re in a darker place as the song draws to an end.

Literally so, as the portamento bass note leads us into “Darkness,” Stewart Copeland’s brilliant drum work our guide as synthesizers and guitar accompany us ever deeper on our journey. Copeland wrote the song, and in it we begin to hear articulated some of the threats that would ultimately tear the band apart: “I could make a mark if it weren’t so dark / I could be replaced by any bright spark… Instead of worrying about my clothes / I could be someone that nobody knows.” But if the lyrics explore the temporary prison of fame, the song is a perfect blend of high hat, saxophone and guitar, and the crackling thunder of the snare.

Sometimes your vinyl collection is beautiful pristine original pressings, and sometimes it’s a BMG Record Club (aka RCA Music Service) pressing. C’est la vie.

Ghost in the Machine was a big step forward for the Police, in terms of popular recognition and sales, as well as in songwriting and the making of a coherent concept album. But the forces that pulled them along the path to greater market success were also pulling at the carefully knotted strings that held the trio together. Soon after the recording of Ghost, one of the members was getting his first taste of life as a solo performer. We’ll check that out next time.

You can listen to this week’s album here:

BONUS: Some of the b-sides for Ghost in the Machine were fantastic. We’ll get to my favorite one soon, but “Shambelle,” which appeared as the b-side for “Invisible Sun” (and “Every Little Thing” in the US), is a great instrumental—much better than “Behind My Camel,” which actually won a Grammy for best instrumental rock performance.

  1. Thanks to the reference in “Don’t Stand So Close to Me,” I searched my local public library shelves (shout out to Grissom Library) for Nabokov’s works and was reading his collections of short stories and translations of his early works in my senior year of high school. I ended up taking a course on Nabokov’s novels during my third year at the University of Virginia, studying with the great Julian Connolly, during which I read just about everything Nabokov had published, including the astonishing late novels Ada, or Ardor and Pale Fire. I highly recommend taking the opportunity to go down a rabbit hold of this kind if you ever get it. Hey, who said rock isn’t educational? (And what would have happened if I went down an Arthur Koestler rabbit hole instead?) ↩︎